Die drei wichtigsten Standards bezüglich der Sicherheit von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien sind die UN 38.3 für den Transport, die IEC 62133 für portable Batterien und die IEC 62619 für industrielle Batterien. Weitere Normen, ob veröffentlicht oder in Arbeit, verweisen dann größtenteils auf die UN, sowie die genannten IEC-Normen und definieren dann spezifisch für die konkrete Anwendung weitere Tests und Kriterien.
Die folgende Matrix zeigt gemeinsamkeiten und Differenzen der drei hier diskutierten Standards.
Test resp. Chapter | Test title | Samples | Test Procedure | UN 38.3 | DIN IEC 62133 | DIN IEC 62619 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | Altitude simulation | 8 | Test Batteries shall be stored at a pressure of 11.6 kPa or less for at least 6 hours at ambient temperature (20°C) @no Disassembly, no rupture and the OCV of each test battery is not less than 90% of its voltage prior to the procedure | X | ||
T2 | Thermal test | 8 Used in T1 | Batteries subjected to the test are to be stored for 6 h at a temp equal to 72°C, followed by storage for at least six hours at a test temperature equal to -40°C.the max time interval between test temp. extreme is 30 min. repeat the procedure until 10 cycles after which all the batteries should to be stored for 24 hours at ambient temp. @no Disassembly, no rupture and the OCV of each test battery is not less than 90% of its voltage prior to the procedure | X | ||
T3 (7.3.8.1 | Vibration | 8 Used in T2 (IEC 3) | Batteries are firmly secured to the platform of the vibration machine without distorting the cells in such a manner as to faithfully transmit the vibration.the vibration shall be a sinusoidal waveform with a logarithmic sweep between 7Hz and 200 Hz and back to 7Hz traversed in 15 min. the cycle should repeated 12 times for a total of 3 hours for each of three perpendicular mounting positions. @There shall be no leakage, no disassembly, no rupture and no fire during and after the test. | X | X | |
T4 (7.3.8.2) | Mechanical shock | 8 Used at T3 (IEC 3) | Each Battery shall be subjected to half-sine shock of peak acceleration depending on the mass of the battery. The pulse duration shall be 6 ms for small batteries and 11ms for big batteries. There shall be no leakage, no disassembly, no rupture and no fire and the OCV of each battery after testing is not less than 90% of its voltage immediately prior to the procedure @ leakage, no disassembly, no rupture, etc.. | X | X | |
T5 (7.3.2) | External short circuit | 8 Used in T4 (IEC 5) | The battery to be tested shall be heated for a period of time necessary to reach a stabilized temp of 57°C, measured on the case. Then the battery is subjected to one short circuit with a total external resistance of less than 0.1 ohm; the short circuit condition is continued for at least one hour after the battery external case temperature has returned to 57°C. (fully charged batteries were subjected to a short circuit test at 20°C ± 5°C, short circuit with an external resistance of 80±20 mΩ, the test battery shall remain in test for 24 h or until the temp of the case decline to about 20% of the max Temp ) @There shall be no fire, no explosion. | X | X | |
T7 (7.3.6) | Overcharge | 8 Used in T5 (if not damaged else 8 new batteries) IEC (5) | The charge current shall be twice the manufacturer´s recommended max. continuous charge current. The min voltage of the test shall be as follow: - When the manufacturer´s recommended charge voltage is not more than 18V, the min voltage of the test shall be the lesse of two times the max charge voltage of the battery or 22V - When the manufacturer´s recommended charge voltage is more than 18V, the min. voltage of the test shall be 1.2 times the max. charge voltage. | X | X | |
7.2.2 | Mould case stress | 3 | Fully charged batteries are exposed to a moderately high temperature to evaluate case integrity. The battery is placed in an air circulating oven at a temperature of +70°C±2°C for 7 hours. after which they are removed and allowed to return to room temperature @ no physical distortion of the battery casing resulting in exposure if internal components | X | ||
7.3.3 | Free fall | 3 | Conducted at an ambient temperature of 20 °C±5°C. Each fully charged battery is dropped three times from a height of 1.0 m onto a concrete floor. The batteries are dropped so as to obtain impacts in random orientations. After the test, the battery shall be put on rest for a minimum of one hour and then a visual inspection shall be performed | X | ||
7.2.3 | Drop test | Min. 1 | Each fully charged test unit is dropped three times from a height shown in table 2* onto a concrete floor. @ there should be no explosion | X | ||
7.3.3 | Propagation test | Min. 1 | The battery system is fully charged and then left until the cells stabilize in an ambient temperature of 25 °C ± 5 °C. One cell in the battery system is heated by laser until the cell enters into thermal runaway. After thermal runaway in the cell is initiated, the laser is turned off and battery system is observed for 1 h. See Annex B for an example test procedure by laser. | X | ||
8.2.2 | Over charge control of voltage | Min. 1 | The test shall be carried out in an ambient temperature of 25 °C ± 5 °C and under normal operating conditions (main contactors/FETS are closed with the battery system controlled by the BMS). Each test battery system shall be discharged at a constant current of 0,2 It A, to a final voltage specified by the cell manufacturer. Sample battery systems shall then be charged at the maximum current of the recommended charger with set voltage exceeding the upper limit charging voltage by 10 % for each cell in the battery system. The test shall be carried out until the BMS terminates the charging, which should occur before reaching 110 % of the upper limit charging voltage. Data acquisition/monitoring shall be continued for 1 h after charging is stopped. All functions of the battery system shall be fully operational as designed during the test. @There shall be no fire or explosion | X | ||
8.2.3 | Over charge control of current | Min. 1 | The test shall be carried out in an ambient temperature of 25 °C ± 5 °C and under normal operating conditions with the cooling system (if any) operating (main contactors closed with the battery system being controlled by the BMS). Each test battery system shall be discharged at a constant current of 0,2 It A, to a final voltage specified by the manufacturer. Sample battery systems shall then be charged at a current exceeding the maximum charging current by 20%. Data acquisition/monitoring shall be continued for 1 h after charging is stopped. All functions of the battery system shall be fully operational as designed during the test. @There shall be no fire or explosion | X | ||
8.2.4 | Overheating | Min. 1 | The test shall be carried out in an initial ambient temperature of 25 °C ± 5 °C and under normal operating conditions (main contactors are closed with battery system being controlled by the BMS) with the exception that the cooling system, if provided, shall be disconnected. Each test battery system shall be discharged at a constant current of 0,2 It A, to a final voltage specified by the manufacturer. Sample battery systems shall then be charged at the recommended current to a 50 % capacity of the rated capacity. The temperature of the battery system shall be increased to 5 °C above the maximum operating temperature. The charging is continued at the elevated temperature until the BMS terminates the charging. Data acquisition/monitoring shall be continued for one hour after the sequence is stopped (e.g. the BMS has terminated charging). | X |